general knowledge refresher

general knowledge refresher

general knowledge refresher Published this article page no  92 Consensus is building among various stakeholders meeting in Bali Indonesia to adopt a nonbinding declaration that will enhance international cooperation and coordination for combating illegal trade in mercury a major pollutant globally.  The Government of Indonesia as well as the United Nations have sought support and commitment from parties to the Minamata Convention for a Bali Declaration on combating Global Illegal Trade of Mercury. The nonbinding declaration calls upon parties to  166 1. Develop practical tools and notification and informationsharing systems for monitoring and managing trade in mercury. 2. Exchange experiences and practices relating to combating illegal trade in mercury including reducing the use of mercury in artisanal and smallscale gold mining. 3. Share examples of national legislation and data and information related to such trade. Basics about Mercury Sources Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is found in air water and soil. Released into the atmosphere through natural processes such as weathering of rocks volcanic eruptions geothermal activities forest fires etc. Mercury is also released through human activities. Mercury may have toxic effects on the nervous digestive and immune systems and on lungs kidneys skin and eyes. Chemical of major public health concernMercury is considered by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the top ten chemicals or groups of chemicals of major public health concern. Minamata Disease A disorder caused by methylmercury poisoning that was first described in the inhabitants of Minamata Bay Japan and resulted from their eating fish contaminated with mercury industrial waste. About the Minamata Convention  The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury and its compounds.  It was agreed at the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee in Geneva Switzerland 2013. It entered into force in 2017 general knowledge refresher buy. 

general knowledge refresher

pratiyogita kiran

pratiyogita kiran

pratiyogita kiran Published this article page no  02 Iran has offered its support for a ceasefire plan put forward by rebels it backs in Yemens war saying it could be an appropriate platform for ending the conflict.  The Houthi rebels have announced the proposal and offered peace talks on condition Saudi Arabia stops its air strikes and blockade of Yemen and removes foreign forces. Need for ceasefire  101 The Yemen war has killed hundreds of thousands of people directly or indirectly and displaced millions creating what the United Nations has called the worlds worst humanitarian crisis. Who are the Houthis?  Founded in the 1990s by Hussein Badreddin alHouthi a member of Yemens Shia majority.  It is a group of Zaidi Shia Muslims who ruled a kingdom in the province for nearly 1000 years. Whats the issue? One of the Arab worlds poorest countries Yemen has been devastated by a near sevenyear civil war which started after Houthis captured the capital Sanaa following which Saudiled forces intervened and fought the rebels with the aim of ending Iranian influence in the region and restoring the former government.  The UAE joined the Saudi campaign in 2015 and has been deeply involved in the conflict ever since despite announcing the formal withdrawal of its forces in 2019 and 2020. The war in Yemen Background  The conflict has its roots in the Arab Spring of 2011 when an uprising forced the countrys longtime authoritarian president Ali Abdullah Saleh to hand over power to his deputy Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi.  The political transition was supposed to bring stability to Yemen one of the Middle Easts poorest nations but President Hadi struggled to deal with various problems including militant attacks corruption food insecurity and continuing loyalty of many military officers to Saleh pratiyogita kiran buy. 

pratiyogita kiran

pratiyogita kiran

pratiyogita kiran

pratiyogita kiran Published this article page no 01 Why India rejected? Indias contention was that the resolution ignored the military invasion by Pakistan and placing both nations on an equal diplomatic ground was a dismissal of Pakistans aggression and the fact that the Maharaja of Kashmir Hari Singh had signed the Instrument of Accession. India also objected to the Resolutions requirement that did not allow India to retain military presence which it believed it needed for defence. The Resolutions order to form a coalition government would also put Sheikh Abdullah the Prime Minister of the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir in a difficult position. India also believed that the powers conferred on the Plebiscite Administrator undermined the states sovereignty. India also wanted Pakistan to be excluded from the operations of the plebiscite. Why Pakistan rejected? Pakistan on the other hand objected to even the minimum presence of Indian forces in Kashmir as allowed by the resolution. It also wanted an equal representation in the state government for the Muslim Conference which was the dominant party in Pakistaniheld Kashmir. Final outcome Despite their differences with the provisions of Resolution 47 both India and Pakistan welcomed the UN Commission and agreed to work with it pratiyogita kiran buy. 

pratiyogita kiran

junior science refresher magazine pdf free download

junior science refresher magazine pdf free download

junior science refresher magazine pdf free download Published this article page no 80  In Vinay Mishra vs the CBI Calcutta HC ruled in July this year that corruption cases must be treated equally across the country and a central government employee could not be distinguished just because his office was located in a state that had withdrawn general consent.The HC also said that withdrawal of consent would apply in cases where only employees of the state government were involved. Issues with CBI Autonomy  47 After the 2018 amendments to the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 the Centre has come to exercise power over the CBI not just administratively but also legally.In 2018 the government pushed through Parliament amendments to Section 17A of the Act making it mandatory for the CBI to seek the Centres permission before registering a case of corruption against any government servant. Insta Curious Suits under Article 131 are filed exclusively in the Supreme Court with regard to disputes between States or between the Centre and State. 3. Lokpal fails to give prosecution sanction to anyone in nearly three years Context The Lokpal has failed to provide prosecution sanction to public servants charged with corruption since its constitution nearly three years ago according to an RTI reply by the antigraft ombudsman. Other issues The appointments of directors of inquiry and prosecution the two top personnel for looking into complaints of corruption and processing prosecution of accused public servants are yet to be made. Who is a director of inquiry? According to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013There shall be a director of inquiry not below the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India.Heshe shall be appointed by the Central government for conducting preliminary inquiries referred to the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) by the Lokpal. Highlights of the Lokpal Act of 2013 1. The Act allows setting up of anticorruption ombudsman called Lokpal at the Centre and Lokayukta at the Statelevel. 2. The Lokpal will consist of a chairperson and a maximum of eight members. 3. The Lokpal will cover all categories of public servants including the Prime Minister. But the armed forces do not come under the ambit of Lokpal. 4. The Act also incorporates provisions for attachment and confiscation of property acquired by corrupt means even while the prosecution is pending. 5. The States will have to institute Lokayukta within one year of the commencement of the Act. 6. The Act also ensures that public servants who act as whistleblowers are protected. Powers 1. The Lokpal will have the power of superintendence and direction over any investigation agency including CBI for cases referred to them by the ombudsman. 2. As per the Act the Lokpal can summon or question any public servant if there exists a prima facie case against the person even before an investigation agency (such as vigilance or CBI) has begun the probe. Any officer of the CBI investigating a case referred to it by the Lokpal shall not be transferred without the approval of the Lokpal. 3. An investigation must be completed within six months junior science refresher magazine pdf free download buy.

junior science refresher magazine pdf free download

junior science refresher magazine pdf free download

junior science refresher magazine pdf free download

junior science refresher magazine pdf free download Published this article page no 77  National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) celebrated its 17th Foundation Day recently. About the NCPCR NCPCR was set up in March 2007 under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act 2005 an Act of Parliament (December 2005).The Commission began operational on 5 March 2007.NCPCR is a statutory body under the administrative control of the Ministry of Women & Child Development Government of India. MandateThe Commissions Mandate is to ensure that all Laws Policies Programmes and Administrative Mechanisms are in consonance with the Child Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Definition of a Child Under the CPCR Act The Child is defined as a person in the 0 to 18 years age group. Functions of NCPCR Under the RTE Act 2009 the NCPCR canInquire into complaints about violation of the law.Summon an individual and demand evidence.Seek a magisterial enquiry.File a writ petition in the High Court or Supreme Court.Approach the government concerned for prosecution of the offender.Recommend interim relief to those affected. Composition of NCPCRThis commission has a chairperson and six members.Of which at least two should be women junior science refresher magazine pdf free download buy.  

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competition success review annual subscription

competition success review annual subscription

competition success review annual subscription  Published this article page no  32 Enhanced Discoverability for small retailers Once a retailer lists its products or services using the ONDCs open protocol the business can be discovered by consumers on ecommerce platforms that follow the same protocol.Increasing efficiency in logistics movement It would help in standardizing operations and promote inclusion of local suppliers which would drive efficiencies in logistics and lead to enhancement of value for consumers.Ease of doing business Businesses are expected to benefit from transparent rules lightweight investment and lower cost of business acquisition. o It is also expected that the timetomarket as well as timetoscale shall also be substantially reduced.Faster adoption of digital means It would encourage easy adoption of digital means by those currently not on digital commerce networks. Way ForwardTechnical Decentralization The government should restrict its role to facilitating standards and protocols that provide open access.Minimal personal data collection Data exchange protocols should be designed to minimize friction but be based on clear rules that protect the consumer interest i.e. the platform should be built on privacy by design principles.Utilizing new technologies For instance tools like blockchain could be used to build technical safeguards that cannot be overridden without active consent.Reference application Creation of nonmandatory reference applications for organic adoption of the network similar to BHIM App can be done.Supplementing with tightlytailored regulations such as passing the data protection bill and creating an independent regulator should be a precondition competition success review annual subscription buy.

competition success review annual subscription

competition success review annual subscription

competition success review annual subscription

competition success review annual subscription Published this article page no  31 Plan for a well developed Information Education & Communication campaign to educate encourage and to address any apprehensions of various network participants.Special attention to help onboard small and medium players will be given initially.It is expected to evolve over time as a selfsustaining entity generating income for its operations and surplus for continuous investment in technology processes and network development. What does opensource mean?Making a software or a process opensource means that the code or the steps of that process is made available freely for others to use redistribute and modify it.For example while the operating system of Apples iPhones — iOS — is closed source meaning it cannot be legally modified or reverse engineered Googles Android operating system is opensource and therefore it is possible by smartphone manufacturers such as Samsung Xiaomi OnePlus etc. to modify it for their hardware. 29 Intended Benefits of ONDCEnding monopolistic tendencies Many big ecommerce companies have been accused of discriminating among sellers on their platforms and promoting certain seller entities in which they hold indirect stakes. ONDC will level the playing field and empower merchants and consumers by breaking silos to form a single network.Interoperability An open digital infrastructure will make ecommerce highly interoperable for sellers and customers who want to connect with each other without the barrier of making an effort of switching between two or more marketplaces for a particular product competition success review annual subscription buy.

competition success review annual subscription